B pharm old PCI Syllabus

Semester I Syllabus (Theory Courses Only)

Human Anatomy and Physiology I

Unit I

• Introduction to human body: Definition and scope of anatomy and physiology, levels of structural organization, body systems, basic life processes, homeostasis, basic anatomical terminology.
• Cellular level of organization: Structure and functions of cell, transport across cell membrane, cell division, cell junctions, general principles of cell communication, intracellular signaling pathway activation by extracellular signal molecule, forms of intracellular signaling (contact-dependent, paracrine, synaptic, endocrine).
• Tissue level of organization: Classification of tissues, structure, location, and functions of epithelial, muscular, nervous, and connective tissues.

Unit II

• Integumentary system: Structure and functions of skin.
• Skeletal system: Divisions of skeletal system, types of bone, salient features and functions of bones of axial and appendicular skeletal system, organization of skeletal muscle, physiology of muscle contraction, neuromuscular junction.
• Joints: Structural and functional classification, types of joint movements, and articulation.

Unit III

• Body fluids and blood: Body fluids, composition and functions of blood, hemopoiesis, formation of hemoglobin, anemia, mechanisms of coagulation, blood grouping, Rh factors, transfusion, its significance, and disorders of blood, reticuloendothelial system.
• Lymphatic system: Lymphatic organs and tissues, lymphatic vessels, lymph circulation, and functions of lymphatic system.

Unit IV

• Peripheral nervous system: Classification, structure, and functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, origin and functions of spinal and cranial nerves.
• Special senses: Structure and functions of eye, ear, nose, tongue, and their disorders.

Unit V

• Cardiovascular system: Anatomy of heart, blood circulation, blood vessels, structure and functions of artery, vein, and capillaries, elements of conduction system of heart, heart beat, regulation by autonomic nervous system, cardiac output, cardiac cycle, regulation of blood pressure, pulse, electrocardiogram, and disorders of heart.

Pharmaceutical Analysis I

Unit I

• Pharmaceutical analysis: Definition and scope, different techniques of analysis, methods of expressing concentration, primary and secondary standards, preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions (oxalic acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulphate, sulphuric acid, potassium permanganate, ceric ammonium sulphate).
• Errors: Sources of errors, types of errors, methods of minimizing errors, accuracy, precision, and significant figures.
• Pharmacopoeia: Sources of impurities in medicinal agents, limit tests.

Unit II

• Acid base titration: Theories of acid-base indicators, classification of acid-base titrations, theory involved in titrations of strong, weak, and very weak acids and bases, neutralization curves.
• Non-aqueous titration: Solvents, acidimetry and alkalimetry titration, estimation of sodium benzoate and ephedrine HCl.

Unit III

• Precipitation titrations: Mohr’s method, Volhard’s, Modified Volhard’s, Fajans method, estimation of sodium chloride.
• Complexometric titration: Classification, metal ion indicators, masking and demasking reagents, estimation of magnesium sulphate, and calcium gluconate.
• Gravimetry: Principle and steps involved in gravimetric analysis, purity of the precipitate, co-precipitation and post-precipitation, estimation of barium sulphate.
• Diazotisation titration: Basic principles, methods, and applications.

Unit IV

• Redox titrations: Concepts of oxidation and reduction, types of redox titrations (principles and applications), cerimetry, iodimetry, iodometry, bromatometry, dichrometry, titration with potassium iodate.

Unit V

• Electrochemical methods of analysis:
  • Conductometry: Introduction, conductivity cell, conductometric titrations, applications.
  • Potentiometry: Electrochemical cell, construction and working of reference (standard hydrogen, silver chloride electrode, calomel electrode) and indicator electrodes (metal electrodes and glass electrode), methods to determine endpoint of potentiometric titration, applications.
  • Polarography: Principle, Ilkovic equation, construction and working of dropping mercury electrode and rotating platinum electrode, applications.

Pharmaceutics I

Unit I

• Introduction to Pharmaceutics: Definition and scope of pharmaceutics, historical development and evolution of pharmaceutical sciences, role of pharmaceutics in drug development and delivery.
• Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Classification of dosage forms (solid, liquid, semi-solid, parenteral, etc.), advantages and disadvantages of different dosage forms, introduction to novel drug delivery systems.
• Prescription: Definition, parts of a prescription, handling of prescriptions, prescription errors, and legal requirements.

Unit II

• Pharmaceutical Calculations: Systems of weights and measures (metric, imperial, apothecary), calculations involving percentage solutions, alligation, proof spirit, and isotonicity adjustments.
• Posology: Factors influencing dose, calculation of doses based on age, body weight, and surface area, pediatric and geriatric dosing considerations.

Unit III

• Powders and Granules: Definition, advantages, and disadvantages, preparation and packaging of powders, types of powders (simple, compound, effervescent), granulation techniques, and their applications.
• Monophasic Liquid Dosage Forms: Definition, types (solutions, syrups, elixirs, linctuses), components (solvents, co-solvents, preservatives), and preparation methods.

Unit IV

• Biphasic Liquid Dosage Forms: Suspensions (definition, types, formulation, stability considerations), emulsions (definition, types, emulsifying agents, formulation, and stability).
• Suppositories: Definition, types, bases used, preparation methods, and factors affecting drug release.

Unit V

• Semisolid Dosage Forms: Ointments, creams, pastes, and gels (definition, types, bases, preparation, and applications).
• Sterile Dosage Forms: Introduction to parenteral products, types (solutions, suspensions, emulsions), requirements for sterility, and packaging considerations.

Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry

Unit I

• Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry: Importance of inorganic compounds in pharmacy, classification of inorganic pharmaceuticals (acids, bases, buffers, electrolytes).
• Impurities in Pharmaceutical Substances: Sources of impurities, methods to control impurities, limit tests for chloride, sulphate, iron, arsenic, and heavy metals.

Unit II

• Acids, Bases, and Buffers: Theories of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis), pH, buffer systems, buffer capacity, and their applications in pharmaceutical preparations.
• Water: Types (purified water, water for injection), methods of purification, and pharmaceutical uses.

Unit III

• Gastrointestinal Agents: Acidifying agents (e.g., hydrochloric acid), antacids (e.g., sodium bicarbonate, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide), protective and adsorbents (e.g., bismuth subcarbonate), cathartics (e.g., magnesium sulphate).
• Electrolytes: Major intra- and extracellular electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride), their physiological roles, and pharmaceutical applications.

Unit IV

• Antimicrobial Agents: Mechanism of action, preparation, and uses of inorganic antimicrobial agents (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, iodine, boric acid).
• Dental Products: Role of inorganic compounds in dental care, anticaries agents (e.g., sodium fluoride), dentifrices, and desensitizing agents.

Unit V

• Miscellaneous Inorganic Pharmaceuticals: Expectorants (e.g., ammonium chloride), emetics (e.g., copper sulphate), antidotes (e.g., sodium thiosulphate), and radiopharmaceuticals (basic concepts and uses).
• Inhalants and Respiratory Stimulants: Inorganic compounds used as oxygen suppliers and respiratory stimulants (e.g., oxygen, ammonium carbonate).

Semester II Syllabus (Theory Courses Only)

Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Unit I

• Nervous System: Organization of the nervous system, neuron structure and function, neuroglia, classification and properties of nerve fibers, nerve impulse transmission, synapses, reflex action, central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and peripheral nervous system.
• Sensory Organs: Structure and functions of sensory organs (eye, ear, nose, tongue), sensory pathways, and their physiological roles.

Unit II

• Digestive System: Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, functions of digestive organs (mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine), liver, pancreas, and associated glands, digestion and absorption processes.
• Endocrine System: Endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, parathyroid, thymus, pineal), their hormones, functions, and regulation.

Unit III

• Respiratory System: Anatomy of respiratory organs (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs), mechanism of respiration, regulation of respiration, lung volumes and capacities, gas exchange, and respiratory disorders.
• Urinary System: Anatomy of urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra), formation of urine, regulation of water and electrolyte balance, and renal functions.

Unit IV

• Reproductive System: Anatomy of male and female reproductive systems, functions of reproductive organs, gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, and hormonal regulation of reproduction.
• Muscular System: Types of muscles (skeletal, smooth, cardiac), muscle contraction mechanisms, and role in body movement.

Unit V

• Immune System: Structure and functions of lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus, lymph nodes), types of immunity (innate and acquired), immune response, antigens, antibodies, and immune disorders.
• Genetics: Basic concepts of heredity, DNA structure, gene expression, and genetic disorders.

Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry I

Unit I

• Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Classification of organic compounds, nomenclature, hybridization, bond types (sigma and pi bonds), and isomerism (structural, stereoisomerism).
• Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes: Structure, properties, preparation methods, and reactions (substitution, addition, elimination).

Unit II

• Alkyl Halides: Nomenclature, preparation, physical and chemical properties, nucleophilic substitution reactions (SN1, SN2), and elimination reactions.
• Alcohols: Classification, nomenclature, preparation, physical properties, and chemical reactions (oxidation, dehydration, esterification).

Unit III

• Aldehydes and Ketones: Structure, nomenclature, preparation methods, physical properties, and chemical reactions (nucleophilic addition, oxidation, reduction, aldol condensation).
• Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, preparation, physical properties, acidity, and chemical reactions (esterification, amide formation, decarboxylation).

Unit IV

• Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Structure of benzene, aromaticity, electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions (nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation/acylation), and directive influence of substituents.
• Phenols: Nomenclature, preparation, physical properties, acidity, and chemical reactions (electrophilic substitution, Reimer-Tiemann reaction).

Unit V

• Amines: Classification, nomenclature, preparation, physical properties, basicity, and chemical reactions (alkylation, acylation, reaction with nitrous acid).
• Heterocyclic Compounds: Introduction to heterocyclic compounds, nomenclature, and basic properties of five- and six-membered heterocycles (e.g., pyrrole, pyridine).

Biochemistry

Unit I

• Introduction to Biochemistry: Scope and importance of biochemistry in pharmacy, cell structure, and biochemical organization of living systems.
• Carbohydrates: Classification, structure, properties, and metabolism (glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis).

Unit II

• Proteins: Classification, structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary), amino acids, peptide bond formation, and protein metabolism (transamination, deamination, urea cycle).
• Enzymes: Classification, nomenclature, mechanism of enzyme action, factors affecting enzyme activity, enzyme inhibition, and coenzymes.

Unit III

• Lipids: Classification, structure, properties, and metabolism (beta-oxidation, biosynthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol metabolism).
• Nucleic Acids: Structure of DNA and RNA, replication, transcription, translation, and genetic code.

Unit IV

• Bioenergetics: Principles of thermodynamics, free energy, ATP as an energy carrier, oxidative phosphorylation, and electron transport chain.
• Hormones: Biochemical functions of hormones, their classification, and mechanism of action.

Unit V

• Vitamins and Minerals: Classification, sources, biochemical functions, deficiency diseases, and their role in metabolism.
• Metabolic Disorders: Biochemical basis of disorders like diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and inborn errors of metabolism (e.g., phenylketonuria).

Pathophysiology

Unit I

• Introduction to Pathophysiology: Definition, scope, basic principles of disease processes, etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical significance.
• Cell Injury and Adaptation: Causes of cell injury, mechanisms of cell injury, cellular adaptations (hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia), and cell death (necrosis, apoptosis).

Unit II

• Inflammation and Repair: Acute and chronic inflammation, mediators of inflammation, wound healing, and tissue repair mechanisms.
• Immune System Disorders: Hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiency disorders.

Unit III

• Cardiovascular Disorders: Pathophysiology of hypertension, congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and atherosclerosis.
• Respiratory Disorders: Pathophysiology of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia.

Unit IV

• Renal and Urinary Disorders: Pathophysiology of acute and chronic renal failure, glomerulonephritis, and urinary tract infections.
• Gastrointestinal Disorders: Pathophysiology of peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, and hepatitis.

Unit V

• Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders: Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, and adrenal disorders.
• Neoplastic Diseases: Basic concepts of cancer, tumor classification, carcinogenesis, and metastasis.

Semester III Syllabus (Theory Courses Only)

Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry II

Unit I

• Benzene and Its Derivatives: Structure of benzene, aromaticity, resonance, electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions (nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation/acylation), effect of substituents on reactivity and orientation.
• Polynuclear Hydrocarbons: Structure, preparation, and reactions of naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene.

Unit II

• Phenols: Acidity, preparation methods, chemical reactions (Reimer-Tiemann, Kolbe’s reaction, esterification), and pharmaceutical importance.
• Aromatic Amines: Basicity, preparation, and reactions (acylation, diazotization, coupling reactions), comparison with aliphatic amines.

Unit III

• Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives: Acidity, preparation methods, reactions (esterification, amide formation, decarboxylation), and functional derivatives (esters, amides, anhydrides).
• Sulphonic Acids: Preparation, properties, and reactions of aromatic sulphonic acids.

Unit IV

• Stereochemistry: Optical isomerism, enantiomers, diastereomers, chiral centers, racemic mixtures, resolution of racemates, and geometrical isomerism.
• Heterocyclic Compounds I: Nomenclature, preparation, and reactions of five-membered heterocycles (pyrrole, thiophene, furan).

Unit V

• Heterocyclic Compounds II: Nomenclature, preparation, and reactions of six-membered heterocycles (pyridine, pyrimidine, quinoline, isoquinoline).
• Reactions of Synthetic Importance: Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Claisen condensation, and their applications in pharmaceutical synthesis.

Physical Pharmaceutics I

Unit I

• States of Matter: Gaseous state (gas laws, kinetic molecular theory), liquid state (surface tension, viscosity), solid state (crystalline and amorphous solids, polymorphism).
• Physicochemical Properties of Drugs: Partition coefficient, solubility, and their significance in drug formulation.

Unit II

• Solubility and Distribution: Solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in liquids, solids in liquids, factors affecting solubility, Raoult’s law, and Henry’s law.
• Distribution Phenomena: Diffusion, Fick’s laws, and applications in drug release and absorption.

Unit III

• Complexation and Protein Binding: Types of complexes (coordination, inclusion, molecular), methods of preparation, and their pharmaceutical applications.
• Protein Binding: Binding of drugs to plasma proteins, factors affecting protein binding, and its impact on pharmacokinetics.

Unit IV

• pH, Buffers, and Isotonicity: Ionization of drugs, pKa, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, buffer systems, preparation of pharmaceutical buffers, and isotonic solutions.
• Surface and Interfacial Phenomena: Surface tension, interfacial tension, surfactants, micelles, and their role in drug formulations.

Unit V

• Colloidal Dispersions: Types of colloids, properties (optical, kinetic, electrical), and applications in pharmaceutical systems.
• Rheology: Newtonian and non-Newtonian systems, viscosity, thixotropy, and their significance in pharmaceutical formulations.

Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Unit I

• Introduction to Microbiology: Scope and importance of microbiology in pharmacy, classification of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), and structure of bacterial cell.
• Microscopy and Staining: Types of microscopes, principles of staining (simple, differential, Gram staining, acid-fast staining).

Unit II

• Bacterial Growth and Reproduction: Growth phases, factors affecting bacterial growth, culture media, and methods of bacterial cultivation.
• Sterilization and Disinfection: Physical and chemical methods of sterilization, disinfection techniques, and their applications in pharmaceutical industries.

Unit III

• Microbial Spoilage and Preservation: Causes of microbial spoilage in pharmaceuticals, methods of preservation, and evaluation of preservatives.
• Aseptic Techniques: Principles of aseptic processing, clean room classifications, and their role in pharmaceutical manufacturing.

Unit IV

• Microbial Pathogenesis: Host-pathogen interactions, mechanisms of bacterial and viral pathogenesis, and toxins produced by microorganisms.
• Antimicrobial Agents: Classification, mechanisms of action, and resistance to antibiotics, antifungal, and antiviral agents.

Unit V

• Immunology: Types of immunity (innate, acquired), antigens, antibodies, antigen-antibody reactions, and vaccines.
• Microbial Assays: Microbiological assays of antibiotics and vitamins, principles, and methods.

Pharmaceutical Engineering

Unit I

• Flow of Fluids: Types of flow (laminar, turbulent), Reynolds number, Bernoulli’s theorem, and applications in pharmaceutical processing.
• Heat Transfer: Mechanisms (conduction, convection, radiation), heat exchangers, and their use in pharmaceutical industries.

Unit II

• Size Reduction: Objectives, mechanisms, laws governing size reduction (Rittinger’s, Kick’s, Bond’s), equipment (hammer mill, ball mill, fluid energy mill), and applications.
• Size Separation: Principles, methods (sieving, sedimentation, elutriation), and equipment used in size separation.

Unit III

• Mixing: Principles of mixing, types of mixers (solids, liquids, semisolids), and factors affecting mixing efficiency.
• Filtration: Theory of filtration, filter media, filter aids, and equipment (plate and frame filter, vacuum filter).

Unit IV

• Drying: Principles of drying, moisture content, drying rate, types of dryers (tray dryer, fluid bed dryer), and applications in pharmaceutical processing.
• Distillation: Principles, types (simple, fractional, steam, vacuum), and their use in pharmaceutical industries.

Unit V

• Evaporation: Principles, factors affecting evaporation, types of evaporators (climbing film, falling film), and applications.
• Materials of Pharmaceutical Plant Construction: Factors affecting material selection, corrosion, and materials like stainless steel, glass, and plastics in pharmaceutical equipment.

Semester IV Syllabus (Theory Courses Only)

Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry III

Unit I

• Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds: Optical isomerism, chirality, enantiomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures, resolution methods, and R/S nomenclature.
• Geometrical Isomerism: Cis-trans isomerism, E/Z nomenclature, and their significance in pharmaceuticals.

Unit II

• Heterocyclic Compounds I: Structure, nomenclature, preparation, and reactions of five-membered heterocycles with two heteroatoms (e.g., imidazole, oxazole, thiazole).
• Heterocyclic Compounds II: Structure, nomenclature, preparation, and reactions of fused heterocycles (e.g., indole, benzimidazole, benzothiazole).

Unit III

• Reactions of Synthetic Importance I: Name reactions (Perkin, Knoevenagel, Wittig, Clemmensen reduction, Wolff-Kishner reduction) and their applications in organic synthesis.
• Carbonyl Chemistry: Reactions of aldehydes and ketones (Cannizzaro, Claisen-Schmidt, and Mannich reactions).

Unit IV

• Reactions of Synthetic Importance II: Oxidation reactions (using KMnO4, CrO3, PCC), reduction reactions (using LiAlH4, NaBH4), and their pharmaceutical applications.
• Rearrangement Reactions: Pinacol-pinacolone, Beckmann, and Hofmann rearrangements, mechanisms, and applications.

Unit V

• Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds: Structure, preparation, and reactions of anthracene, phenanthrene, and their derivatives.
• Chemistry of Natural Products: Introduction to alkaloids, terpenoids, and steroids, their basic structure, and pharmaceutical importance.

Medicinal Chemistry I

Unit I

• Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry: Principles of drug design, drug-receptor interactions, and physicochemical properties affecting drug action.
• Drug Metabolism: Phase I and Phase II metabolic reactions, factors affecting drug metabolism, and its role in pharmacokinetics.

Unit II

• Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System: Adrenergic neurotransmitters, sympathomimetic agents, adrenergic antagonists, and their structure-activity relationships (SAR).
• Cholinergic Drugs: Cholinergic neurotransmitters, parasympathomimetic agents, cholinesterase inhibitors, and their SAR.

Unit III

• Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System I: Sedatives and hypnotics (barbiturates, benzodiazepines), their structure, synthesis, and SAR.
• Anticonvulsants: Classification, mechanism of action, and SAR of anticonvulsant drugs (e.g., phenytoin, carbamazepine).

Unit IV

• Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System II: General anesthetics (inhaled and intravenous), analgesics (narcotic and non-narcotic), and their SAR.
• Antipsychotics and Anxiolytics: Classification, mechanism of action, and SAR of phenothiazines, butyrophenones, and benzodiazepines.

Unit V

• Local Anesthetics: Classification, mechanism of action, synthesis, and SAR of drugs like lidocaine and procaine.
• Anti-inflammatory Agents: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), their mechanism, synthesis, and SAR (e.g., ibuprofen, aspirin).

Physical Pharmaceutics II

Unit I

• Particle Size and Distribution: Methods of particle size determination, significance in drug dissolution, and bioavailability.
• Micromeritics: Particle size, shape, surface area, porosity, and their applications in pharmaceutical formulations.

Unit II

• Rheology: Newtonian and non-Newtonian systems, viscoelasticity, thixotropy, and their role in suspensions, emulsions, and ointments.
• Flow Properties: Angle of repose, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio, and their significance in powder technology.

Unit III

• Suspensions: Types, formulation, stability (flocculation, deflocculation), and sedimentation phenomena.
• Emulsions: Types, emulsifying agents, stability, and theories of emulsification.

Unit IV

• Colloids: Properties of colloids (optical, kinetic, electrical), types (lyophilic, lyophobic, association), and applications in drug delivery.
• Coarse Dispersions: Preparation, properties, and stability of coarse dispersions in pharmaceuticals.

Unit V

• Drug Stability: Physical and chemical stability of drugs, factors affecting stability, shelf-life determination, and accelerated stability testing.
• Kinetics of Drug Degradation: Zero-order, first-order, and second-order reactions, Arrhenius equation, and stability prediction.

Pharmacology I

Unit I

• Introduction to Pharmacology: Definition, scope, branches, and general principles of drug action, dose-response relationships, and pharmacodynamics.
• Pharmacokinetics: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs, factors affecting pharmacokinetics.

Unit II

• Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System I: Adrenergic agonists and antagonists, their pharmacology, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects.
• Cholinergic Drugs: Parasympathomimetics, anticholinesterases, and their clinical applications.

Unit III

• Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System II: Adrenergic blockers, ganglionic blockers, and neuromuscular blockers, their mechanisms, and uses.
• Local Anesthetics: Pharmacology, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of local anesthetics.

Unit IV

• Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System I: General anesthetics, sedatives, hypnotics, and their pharmacological actions.
• Analgesics: Opioid analgesics, non-opioid analgesics, and their mechanisms of action.

Unit V

• Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System II: Anticonvulsants, antiparkinsonian drugs, and their pharmacology and clinical uses.
• Psychopharmacological Agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, and their therapeutic applications.

Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry I

Unit I

• Introduction to Pharmacognosy: Definition, history, scope, and classification of crude drugs (organized and unorganized).
• Sources of Crude Drugs: Plant, animal, marine, and microbial sources, and their significance in pharmacy.

Unit II

• Cultivation, Collection, and Processing: Methods of cultivation, factors affecting plant growth, collection, drying, and storage of crude drugs.
• Adulteration and Evaluation: Types of adulteration, methods of drug evaluation (organoleptic, microscopic, chemical, physical, biological).

Unit III

• Plant Constituents I: Primary metabolites (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids), their occurrence, and pharmaceutical uses.
• Carbohydrates: Occurrence, chemistry, and uses of starch, cellulose, gums, and mucilages.

Unit IV

• Plant Constituents II: Secondary metabolites (alkaloids, glycosides, tannins), their classification, properties, and therapeutic uses.
• Volatile Oils: Occurrence, chemistry, extraction methods, and pharmaceutical applications.

Unit V

• Plant Tissue Culture: Principles, types, and applications of plant tissue culture in the production of secondary metabolites.
• Traditional Systems of Medicine: Introduction to Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy, and their reliance on plant-based drugs.

Semester V Syllabus (Theory Courses Only)

Medicinal Chemistry II

Unit I

• Antihistaminic Agents: Classification, mechanism of action, structure-activity relationships (SAR), and synthesis of H1 and H2 receptor antagonists (e.g., diphenhydramine, ranitidine).
• Proton Pump Inhibitors: Mechanism, SAR, and synthesis of drugs like omeprazole and pantoprazole.

Unit II

• Cardiovascular Drugs I: Anti-hypertensive agents (beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers), their mechanisms, SAR, and synthesis.
• Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Classification, mechanism of action, SAR, and synthesis of drugs like quinidine and amiodarone.

Unit III

• Cardiovascular Drugs II: Anti-anginal agents (nitrates, beta-blockers), hypolipidemic agents (statins), their mechanisms, SAR, and synthesis.
• Diuretics: Classification, mechanism of action, SAR, and synthesis of drugs like furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide.

Unit IV

• Antidiabetic Agents: Classification, mechanism of action, SAR, and synthesis of oral hypoglycemic agents (e.g., metformin, sulfonylureas).
• Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs: Mechanism, SAR, and synthesis of drugs like levothyroxine and methimazole.

Unit V

• Chemotherapeutic Agents I: Sulfonamides and antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins), their mechanism of action, SAR, and synthesis.
• Antitubercular Agents: Mechanism, SAR, and synthesis of drugs like isoniazid and rifampicin.

Industrial Pharmacy I

Unit I

• Preformulation Studies: Physicochemical properties of drugs (solubility, partition coefficient, pKa), their role in formulation development, and stability studies.
• Drug-Excipient Interactions: Compatibility studies and their impact on formulation design.

Unit II

• Tablets: Types of tablets, formulation components (active ingredients, excipients), granulation techniques, and tablet manufacturing processes.
• Tablet Coating: Types of coating (sugar, film, enteric), coating materials, and coating techniques.

Unit III

• Capsules: Hard and soft gelatin capsules, formulation, manufacturing processes, and quality control.
• Parenteral Products: Types, formulation, sterilization methods, and packaging requirements.

Unit IV

• Aerosols: Components of aerosol systems, propellants, containers, valves, and formulation of pharmaceutical aerosols.
• Ophthalmic Preparations: Formulation, sterilization, and packaging of eye drops, ointments, and gels.

Unit V

• Cosmetics: Formulation and preparation of creams, lotions, lipsticks, shampoos, and hair dyes.
• Packaging Technology: Types of packaging materials, their properties, and quality control for pharmaceutical packaging.

Pharmacology II

Unit I

• Drugs Acting on Cardiovascular System I: Pharmacology of anti-hypertensive drugs (beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs), therapeutic uses, and adverse effects.
• Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Classification, pharmacology, and clinical uses of drugs like lidocaine and amiodarone.

Unit II

• Drugs Acting on Cardiovascular System II: Pharmacology of anti-anginal drugs (nitrates, calcium channel blockers) and hypolipidemic agents (statins).
• Diuretics: Pharmacology, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of diuretics like furosemide and spironolactone.

Unit III

• Drugs Acting on Endocrine System: Pharmacology of thyroid hormones, antithyroid drugs, insulin, and oral hypoglycemic agents.
• Sex Hormones and Contraceptives: Pharmacology of estrogens, progestins, and oral contraceptives, their uses, and side effects.

Unit IV

• Chemotherapeutic Agents I: Pharmacology of sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, and tetracyclines, their mechanisms, and clinical applications.
• Antitubercular Drugs: Pharmacology, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of drugs like isoniazid and ethambutol.

Unit V

• Chemotherapeutic Agents II: Pharmacology of antifungal agents (amphotericin B, azoles), antiviral agents (acyclovir), and antiprotozoal drugs (metronidazole).
• Immunopharmacology: Immunosuppressants (cyclosporine) and immunostimulants, their mechanisms, and uses.

Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II

Unit I

• Secondary Metabolites I: Biosynthesis, classification, and pharmaceutical importance of alkaloids (e.g., morphine, quinine).
• Glycosides: Classification, chemistry, and therapeutic uses of cardiac glycosides (digoxin) and anthraquinone glycosides.

Unit II

• Secondary Metabolites II: Biosynthesis, classification, and uses of terpenoids and volatile oils (e.g., menthol, eucalyptus oil).
• Tannins: Classification, chemistry, and pharmaceutical applications of tannins (e.g., catechu).

Unit III

• Resins and Resin Combinations: Chemistry, sources, and uses of resins (e.g., benzoin, asafoetida).
• Saponins: Chemistry, sources, and therapeutic uses of saponin-containing drugs (e.g., ginseng).

Unit IV

• Phytochemical Screening: Methods for extraction and identification of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and volatile oils.
• Modern Methods of Extraction: Soxhlet extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and their applications in phytochemistry.

Unit V

• Herbal Drugs: Standardization and quality control of herbal drugs, WHO guidelines, and pharmacopoeial standards.
• Marine Drugs: Introduction to marine pharmacognosy, sources, and therapeutic potential of marine-derived compounds.

Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence

Unit I

• Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940: Objectives, definitions, administration, and provisions related to manufacture, sale, and import of drugs and cosmetics.
• Pharmacy Act, 1948: Objectives, constitution, and functions of the Pharmacy Council of India, registration of pharmacists.

Unit II

• Medicinal and Toilet Preparations (Excise Duties) Act, 1955: Objectives, provisions, and licensing requirements.
• Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985: Definitions, authorities, and control measures for narcotic and psychotropic substances.

Unit III

• Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954: Objectives, prohibited advertisements, and penalties.
• Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960: Provisions related to animal experimentation in pharmaceutical research.

Unit IV

• Drug Price Control Order (DPCO): Objectives, pricing regulations, and control of drug prices.
• Patents Act, 1970: Intellectual property rights, patent filing, and provisions related to pharmaceuticals.

Unit V

• Code of Pharmaceutical Ethics: Ethical principles for pharmacists, professional conduct, and responsibilities.
• Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971: Provisions and regulations related to abortifacient drugs.

Semester VI Syllabus (Theory Courses Only)

Medicinal Chemistry III

Unit I

• Antibiotics: Classification, mechanism of action, structure-activity relationships (SAR), and synthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins) and macrolides (erythromycin).
• Antiviral Agents: Mechanism, SAR, and synthesis of antiviral drugs (e.g., acyclovir, zidovudine).

Unit II

• Antimalarial Drugs: Classification, mechanism of action, SAR, and synthesis of drugs like chloroquine and artemisinin.
• Antiamoebic and Antiprotozoal Drugs: Mechanism, SAR, and synthesis of drugs like metronidazole and tinidazole.

Unit III

• Antifungal Agents: Classification, mechanism of action, SAR, and synthesis of drugs like amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and fluconazole.
• Anthelmintic Drugs: Mechanism, SAR, and synthesis of drugs like albendazole and mebendazole.

Unit IV

• Anticancer Drugs: Classification, mechanism of action, SAR, and synthesis of alkylating agents, antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate), and plant-derived anticancer drugs (e.g., vincristine).
• Immunosuppressants: Mechanism, SAR, and synthesis of drugs like cyclosporine and tacrolimus.

Unit V

• Cardiovascular Drugs: Synthesis and SAR of anti-arrhythmic drugs (e.g., procainamide), anti-anginal drugs (e.g., nitroglycerin), and hypolipidemic agents (e.g., atorvastatin).
• Hormonal Drugs: Synthesis and SAR of corticosteroids (e.g., prednisolone) and sex hormones (e.g., testosterone, progesterone).

Pharmacology III

Unit I

• Drugs Acting on Respiratory System: Pharmacology of bronchodilators (e.g., salbutamol), expectorants, antitussives, and anti-asthmatic drugs.
• Drugs for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Pharmacology, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of drugs used in COPD management.

Unit II

• Drugs Acting on Gastrointestinal System: Pharmacology of antiulcer drugs (e.g., proton pump inhibitors, H2 blockers), antiemetics, and laxatives.
• Drugs for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pharmacology of drugs like mesalamine and their clinical applications.

Unit III

• Chemotherapy of Microbial Diseases: Pharmacology of antibiotics (aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones), their mechanisms, therapeutic uses, and resistance patterns.
• Antitubercular and Antileprotic Drugs: Pharmacology of drugs like rifampicin, dapsone, and their clinical uses.

Unit IV

• Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases: Pharmacology of antimalarial, antiamoebic, and anthelmintic drugs, their mechanisms, and adverse effects.
• Chemotherapy of Viral Diseases: Pharmacology of antiviral drugs (e.g., oseltamivir, remdesivir) and their clinical applications.

Unit V

• Chemotherapy of Neoplastic Diseases: Pharmacology of anticancer drugs (alkylating agents, antimetabolites, hormonal agents), their mechanisms, and side effects.
• Chronopharmacology: Concepts of biological rhythms and their impact on drug administration and efficacy.

Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics

Unit I

• Introduction to Biopharmaceutics: Concepts of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs, and their impact on bioavailability.
• Drug Absorption: Mechanisms (passive diffusion, active transport), factors affecting absorption, and dissolution rate.

Unit II

• Drug Distribution: Volume of distribution, plasma protein binding, tissue binding, and factors affecting drug distribution.
• Drug Metabolism: Phase I and Phase II reactions, microsomal and non-microsomal metabolism, and enzyme induction/inhibition.

Unit III

• Drug Excretion: Renal and non-renal routes of excretion, clearance concepts, and factors affecting excretion.
• Bioavailability and Bioequivalence: Definitions, methods of assessment, and factors affecting bioavailability.

Unit IV

• Pharmacokinetics: Compartment models (one-compartment, two-compartment), pharmacokinetic parameters (half-life, clearance, volume of distribution).
• Non-Linear Pharmacokinetics: Causes, detection, and implications of non-linear pharmacokinetics.

Unit V

• Pharmacokinetic Models: Application of compartmental and non-compartmental models in drug development.
• Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions: Mechanisms and clinical significance of drug interactions affecting ADME.

Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Unit I

• Introduction to Biotechnology: Scope, applications in pharmacy, and principles of genetic engineering.
• Recombinant DNA Technology: Techniques of gene cloning, restriction enzymes, vectors, and expression systems.

Unit II

• Enzyme Biotechnology: Production, immobilization, and applications of enzymes in pharmaceutical industries.
• Fermentation Technology: Principles, types of fermenters, and production of antibiotics and vitamins.

Unit III

• Monoclonal Antibodies: Production, purification, and therapeutic applications in cancer and autoimmune diseases.
• Biotechnology-Derived Products: Insulin, growth hormones, and erythropoietin, their production, and clinical uses.

Unit IV

• Microbial Genetics: Mutation, gene transfer mechanisms (transformation, transduction, conjugation), and their applications in biotechnology.
• Biosensors: Principles and applications in pharmaceutical analysis and diagnostics.

Unit V

• Vaccine Technology: Types of vaccines (live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, DNA vaccines), production, and immunization strategies.
• Gene Therapy: Principles, vectors, and applications in treating genetic disorders.

Quality Assurance

Unit I

• Introduction to Quality Assurance: Concepts of quality control, quality assurance, and good manufacturing practices (GMP) in pharmaceuticals.
• Quality Control Tests: In-process and finished product quality control tests as per pharmacopoeial standards.

Unit II

• Good Laboratory Practices (GLP): Principles, documentation, and implementation in pharmaceutical laboratories.
• Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs): Development, implementation, and importance in quality assurance.

Unit III

• Validation: Types (process, equipment, analytical method validation), protocols, and regulatory requirements.
• Qualification: Concepts of equipment and facility qualification (DQ, IQ, OQ, PQ).

Unit IV

• Regulatory Affairs: Role of regulatory agencies (FDA, WHO, ICH), guidelines for drug approval, and dossier preparation.
• Total Quality Management (TQM): Principles and applications in pharmaceutical industries.

Unit V

• Stability Testing: ICH guidelines for stability studies, protocols, and shelf-life determination.
• Quality Audits: Types (internal, external), audit procedures, and corrective actions in pharmaceutical industries.

Semester VII Syllabus (Theory Courses Only)

Instrumental Methods of Analysis

Unit I

• UV-Visible Spectroscopy: Principles, instrumentation, Beer-Lambert law, and applications in quantitative analysis of drugs.
• Fluorimetry: Principles, factors affecting fluorescence, instrumentation, and pharmaceutical applications.

Unit II

• Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Principles, molecular vibrations, instrumentation, and applications in identification of functional groups in drugs.
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: Basic principles, chemical shift, and applications in structural elucidation of pharmaceuticals.

Unit III

• Chromatography I: Principles of chromatography, classification, and techniques like paper chromatography and thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
• Gas Chromatography (GC): Principles, instrumentation, detectors, and applications in pharmaceutical analysis.

Unit IV

• Chromatography II: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), principles, instrumentation, and applications in drug analysis.
• Ion Exchange and Size Exclusion Chromatography: Principles, types, and pharmaceutical applications.

Unit V

• Mass Spectrometry: Principles, instrumentation, ionization techniques, and applications in drug identification and characterization.
• Electrophoresis: Principles, types (gel, capillary), and applications in pharmaceutical analysis.

Industrial Pharmacy II

Unit I

• Pilot Plant Scale-Up Techniques: Principles, steps in scale-up, and considerations for transferring formulations from laboratory to production scale.
• Technology Transfer: Process of technology transfer from R&D to production, documentation, and regulatory requirements.

Unit II

• Tablet Manufacturing: Advanced techniques in tablet compression, troubleshooting, and quality control in large-scale production.
• Capsule Manufacturing: Large-scale production of hard and soft gelatin capsules, and quality assurance processes.

Unit III

• Parenteral Production: Aseptic processing, cleanroom requirements, and large-scale manufacturing of sterile products.
• Lyophilization: Principles, equipment, and applications in the production of freeze-dried pharmaceuticals.

Unit IV

• Quality by Design (QbD): Concepts, elements of QbD, design of experiments (DoE), and its application in formulation development.
• Process Analytical Technology (PAT): Principles and applications in real-time monitoring of pharmaceutical processes.

Unit V

• Regulatory Requirements for Manufacturing: Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), WHO guidelines, and regulatory compliance in pharmaceutical industries.
• Packaging and Labeling: Advanced packaging technologies, tamper-evident packaging, and regulatory requirements for labeling.

Pharmacy Practice

Unit I

• Hospital Pharmacy: Organization, functions, and roles of hospital pharmacists, hospital formulary, and drug distribution systems.
• Drug Information Services: Sources of drug information, drug information centers, and responding to drug queries.

Unit II

• Community Pharmacy: Role of community pharmacists, prescription handling, patient counseling, and over-the-counter (OTC) drug dispensing.
• Medication Adherence: Strategies to improve patient compliance, factors affecting adherence, and monitoring techniques.

Unit III

• Clinical Pharmacy: Role of clinical pharmacists, patient data analysis, therapeutic drug monitoring, and drug utilization review.
• Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) Monitoring: Detection, reporting, and management of ADRs in pharmacy practice.

Unit IV

• Pharmacovigilance: Principles, objectives, and methods of pharmacovigilance, adverse event reporting systems, and signal detection.
• Medication Errors: Types, causes, prevention, and management of medication errors in healthcare settings.

Unit V

• Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee: Structure, functions, and role in formulary management and drug policy.
• Patient Safety: Strategies for ensuring patient safety, medication reconciliation, and risk management in pharmacy practice.

Novel Drug Delivery Systems

Unit I

• Introduction to Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS): Concepts, advantages, and limitations of controlled and targeted drug delivery systems.
• Polymers in Drug Delivery: Types, properties, and applications of polymers in sustained and controlled release formulations.

Unit II

• Oral Controlled Release Systems: Matrix systems, reservoir systems, and osmotic drug delivery systems, their design, and applications.
• Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems: Principles, mucoadhesive polymers, and applications in buccal and nasal delivery.

Unit III

• Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Principles, components (patches, enhancers), and applications in systemic drug delivery.
• Ocular and Nasal Drug Delivery: Formulation strategies, barriers to drug delivery, and novel approaches for ocular and nasal administration.

Unit IV

• Parenteral Controlled Release Systems: Liposomes, nanoparticles, and implants, their preparation, and therapeutic applications.
• Targeted Drug Delivery: Concepts of active and passive targeting, ligand-based targeting, and applications in cancer therapy.

Unit V

• Intrauterine and Vaginal Drug Delivery: Intrauterine devices (IUDs), vaginal rings, and their formulation and applications.
• Pulmonary Drug Delivery: Inhalation systems, dry powder inhalers, metered-dose inhalers, and their role in respiratory diseases.

Semester VIII Syllabus (Theory Courses Only)

Biostatistics and Research Methodology

Unit I

• Introduction to Biostatistics: Definition, scope, and applications in pharmaceutical research, types of data (qualitative, quantitative).
• Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion: Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, variance, and coefficient of variation.

Unit II

• Probability and Probability Distributions: Basic concepts of probability, binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions, and their applications in pharmaceutical studies.
• Sampling Techniques: Random, stratified, and cluster sampling, sample size determination, and sampling errors.

Unit III

• Statistical Inference: Hypothesis testing, t-test, z-test, chi-square test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) in pharmaceutical research.
• Correlation and Regression: Pearson’s correlation coefficient, linear regression, and their applications in data analysis.

Unit IV

• Research Methodology: Types of research (experimental, observational, clinical), research design, and protocol development.
• Clinical Trials: Phases of clinical trials, randomization, blinding, and ethical considerations in clinical research.

Unit V

• Data Presentation and Interpretation: Graphical representation (bar charts, pie charts, histograms), interpretation of statistical results, and report writing.
• Software for Statistical Analysis: Introduction to statistical software (e.g., SPSS, R) and their use in pharmaceutical data analysis.

Social and Preventive Pharmacy

Unit I

• Concept of Health and Disease: Definition, determinants of health, disease causation, and epidemiology.
• Public Health: Principles, national health programs, and role of pharmacists in public health initiatives.

Unit II

• Preventive Medicine: Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, immunization programs, and health screening.
• Communicable Diseases: Epidemiology, prevention, and control of diseases like tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS.

Unit III

• Non-Communicable Diseases: Epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases.
• Occupational Health: Occupational hazards, prevention, and role of pharmacists in workplace health programs.

Unit IV

• Health Education and Promotion: Principles of health education, community health programs, and role of pharmacists in health awareness.
• Environmental Health: Impact of environmental factors (air, water, pollution) on health and preventive measures.

Unit V

• Pharmacoeconomics: Principles, cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit analysis, and their applications in healthcare decision-making.
• National Health Policies: Overview of health policies, drug policies, and role of pharmacists in policy implementation.

Pharma Marketing Management *

Unit I

• Introduction to Marketing: Concepts of marketing, marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion), and their application in pharmaceuticals.
• Pharmaceutical Market: Structure, segments, and trends in the pharmaceutical industry.

Unit II

• Product Management: Product life cycle, branding, and product differentiation strategies for pharmaceutical products.
• Pricing Strategies: Factors influencing drug pricing, pricing models, and regulatory considerations in pricing.

Unit III

• Promotion and Advertising: Promotional strategies, ethical advertising, and direct-to-consumer advertising in pharmaceuticals.
• Sales Management: Role of medical representatives, sales force management, and sales forecasting in pharma marketing.

Unit IV

• Distribution Channels: Pharmaceutical supply chain, role of wholesalers, retailers, and logistics in drug distribution.
• Regulatory Aspects in Marketing: Regulations governing pharmaceutical marketing, Drug and Magic Remedies Act, and ethical marketing practices.

Unit V

• Market Research: Methods of market research, consumer behavior analysis, and application in pharmaceutical marketing.
• Global Marketing: Challenges and strategies for marketing pharmaceuticals in international markets.

Pharmaceutical Regulatory Science *

Unit I

• Introduction to Regulatory Science: Role of regulatory affairs in pharmaceuticals, global regulatory authorities (FDA, EMA, CDSCO).
• Drug Approval Process: New Drug Application (NDA), Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA), and Investigational New Drug (IND) processes.

Unit II

• Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP): Principles, WHO GMP guidelines, and compliance in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
• Good Clinical Practices (GCP): Guidelines, ethical considerations, and conduct of clinical trials.

Unit III

• Regulatory Requirements for Drug Development: Preclinical and clinical trial requirements, dossier preparation, and Common Technical Document (CTD).
• Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Patents, trademarks, and copyrights in pharmaceuticals, and their regulatory implications.

Unit IV

• International Regulatory Harmonization: Role of ICH (International Council for Harmonisation), harmonized guidelines, and their impact on drug development.
• Biologics and Biosimilars: Regulatory pathways for biologics and biosimilars, and challenges in approval.

Unit V

• Post-Marketing Surveillance: Pharmacovigilance, adverse event reporting, and regulatory requirements for marketed drugs.
• Regulatory Compliance: Audits, inspections, and ensuring compliance with regulatory standards in pharmaceutical industries.

Elective/Placeholder

Pharmacovigilance

Unit I

• Introduction to Pharmacovigilance: Definition, history, and importance of pharmacovigilance in drug safety monitoring.
• Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs): Classification, detection, and causality assessment of ADRs.

Unit II

• Pharmacovigilance Methods: Spontaneous reporting systems, active surveillance, and cohort event monitoring.
• Signal Detection: Principles, methods, and tools for identifying safety signals in pharmacovigilance.

Unit III

• Pharmacovigilance Systems: National and international pharmacovigilance programs (e.g., WHO-UMC, PvPI), and their roles.
• Regulatory Requirements: Reporting requirements, periodic safety update reports (PSURs), and risk management plans.

Unit IV

• Pharmacovigilance in Clinical Trials: Safety monitoring, adverse event reporting, and data safety monitoring boards (DSMBs).
• Pharmacoepidemiology: Role in assessing drug safety, observational studies, and risk-benefit analysis.

Unit V

• Pharmacovigilance of Herbal and Traditional Medicines: Challenges, monitoring, and safety evaluation of herbal drugs.
• Emerging Trends: Use of artificial intelligence, big data, and real-world evidence in pharmacovigilance.

Quality Control and Standardization of Herbals

Unit I

• Introduction to Herbal Quality Control: Importance of quality control in herbal medicines, challenges in standardization.
• Sources of Herbal Drugs: Plant, marine, and microbial sources, and their authentication.

Unit II

• Standardization of Herbal Drugs: Parameters for standardization (organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical, biological).
• WHO Guidelines: Guidelines for quality control, safety, and efficacy of herbal medicines.

Unit III

• Phytochemical Analysis: Methods for extraction and identification of phytoconstituents (alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids).
• Chromatographic Techniques: Application of TLC, HPLC, and GC in herbal drug analysis.

Unit IV

• Quality Control Tests: Determination of ash values, extractive values, moisture content, and microbial load in herbal drugs.
• Adulteration and Contamination: Detection of adulterants, heavy metals, and pesticide residues in herbal products.

Unit V

• Regulatory Aspects: Pharmacopoeial standards (IP, USP, BP) for herbal drugs, and regulatory requirements for herbal product marketing.
• Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACP): Guidelines for cultivation, harvesting, and storage of medicinal plants.

Computer Aided Drug Design

Unit I

• Introduction to Computer Aided Drug Design (CADD): Principles, types (structure-based, ligand-based), and applications in drug discovery.
• Molecular Modeling: Basics of molecular modeling, energy minimization, and molecular dynamics.

Unit II

• Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR): Principles, descriptors, 2D and 3D QSAR, and their applications.
• Pharmacophore Modeling: Identification of pharmacophores, mapping, and virtual screening.

Unit III

• Molecular Docking: Principles, types of docking (rigid, flexible), docking software, and scoring functions.
• Ligand Design: De novo drug design, lead optimization, and structure-activity relationships (SAR).

Unit IV

• Molecular Dynamics Simulations: Principles, force fields, and applications in drug-receptor interactions.
• Homology Modeling: Prediction of protein structures, validation, and applications in drug design.

Unit V

• Virtual Screening: High-throughput virtual screening, library design, and hit identification.
• Applications of CADD: Case studies in drug discovery, role in designing anticancer and antimicrobial agents.

Cell and Molecular Biology

Unit I

• Cell Structure and Function: Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, organelles, and their roles in cellular processes.
• Cell Membrane: Structure, transport mechanisms, and signal transduction pathways.

Unit II

• DNA Structure and Replication: DNA structure, replication machinery, and regulation of replication.
• Gene Expression: Transcription, translation, and post-transcriptional modifications.

Unit III

• Cell Cycle and Division: Phases of cell cycle, regulation, checkpoints, and apoptosis.
• Cell Signaling: Types of signaling (autocrine, paracrine, endocrine), receptors, and pathways.

Unit IV

• Genetic Engineering: Recombinant DNA technology, gene cloning, and applications in pharmaceuticals.
• Molecular Techniques: PCR, gel electrophoresis, and gene sequencing methods.

Unit V

• Epigenetics: DNA methylation, histone modification, and their role in gene regulation.
• Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine: Types of stem cells, their applications, and ethical considerations.

Cosmetic Science

Unit I

• Introduction to Cosmetic Science: Definition, classification of cosmetics, and their role in personal care.
• Skin Physiology: Structure and function of skin, hair, and nails, and their relevance to cosmetic formulations.

Unit II

• Cosmetic Ingredients: Emollients, surfactants, humectants, preservatives, and their functions in cosmetic products.
• Formulation of Creams and Lotions: Types, preparation methods, and stability considerations.

Unit III

• Formulation of Hair Care Products: Shampoos, conditioners, hair dyes, and their formulation principles.
• Oral Care Products: Toothpastes, mouthwashes, formulation, and quality control.

Unit IV

• Sunscreens and Skin Protectants: UV filters, SPF determination, and formulation of sunscreen products.
• Color Cosmetics: Lipsticks, foundations, formulation, and stability testing.

Unit V

• Regulatory Aspects of Cosmetics: Regulations under Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, BIS standards, and international guidelines (e.g., EU Cosmetics Regulation).
• Safety and Efficacy Testing: Methods for evaluating safety, irritation, and efficacy of cosmetic products.